Substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids and methods of using them.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/505,982 filed Sep. 25, 2003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids and methods of using them.

The serine protease inhibitor PAI-1 is one of the primary inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system. The fibrinolytic system includes the proenzyme plasminogen, which is converted to the active enzyme, plasmin, by one of two tissue type plasminogen activators, t-PA or u-PA. PAI-1 is the principal physiological inhibitor of t-PA and u-PA. One of plasmin's main responsibilities in the fibrinolytic system is to digest fibrin at the site of vascular injury. The fibrinolytic system, however, is not only responsible for the removal of fibrin from circulation but is also involved in several other biological processes including ovulation, embryogenesis, intima proliferation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and atherosclerosis.

Elevated levels of PAI-1 have been associated with a variety of diseases and conditions including those associated with impairment of the fibrinolytic system. For example, elevated levels of PAI-1 have been implicated in thrombotic diseases, e.g., diseases characterized by formation of a thrombus that obstructs vascular blood flow locally or detaches and embolizes to occlude blood flow downstream. (Krishnamurti, Blood, 69, 798 (1987); Reilly, Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 11, 1276 (1991); Carmeliet, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 92, 2756 (1993), Rocha, Fibrinolysis, 8, 294, 1994; Aznar, Haemostasis 24, 243 (1994)). Antibody neutralization of PAI-1 activity resulted in promotion of endogenous thrombolysis and reperfusion (Biemond, Circulation, 91, 1175 (1995); Levi, Circulation 85, 305, (1992)). Elevated levels of PAI-1 have also been implicated in diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome (Nordt, Journal of clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85, 4, 1563 (2000)), bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency (Daci, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15, 8, 1510 (2000)), cystic fibrosis, diabetes, chronic periodontitis, lymphomas, diseases associated with extracellular matrix accumulation, malignancies and diseases associated with neoangiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, vascular damage associated with infections, and diseases associated with increased uPA levels such as breast and ovarian cancer.

In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for the identification of inhibitors of PAI-1 activity and for methods of using the identified inhibitors to modulate PAI-1 expression or activity in a subject in order to treat disorders associated with elevated PAI-1 levels.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids and methods of using them. In certain embodiments, substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids of the invention include those of the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl,         C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₁–C₆ alkanoyl, halo,         hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁–C₆ alkoxy,         amino, —NH(C₁–C₆ alkyl), —N(C₁–C₆ alkyl)₂, or C₁–C₆         perfluoroalkoxy;     -   R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         alkenyl, —CH₂R₅, —CH(OH)R₅, —C(═O)R₅, —CH(SH)R₅, —C(═S)R₅ or         —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl;     -   n is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   m is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   R₅ is hydrogen, C₁–C₈ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or —(CH₂)_(p)—C₃–C₆         cycloalkyl; p is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆         cycloalkyl), arylalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and     -   A is COOH, or an acid mimic.

The present invention also provides, inter alia, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester forms of Formula 1.

The present invention further provides, inter alia, methods of using substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids. In one aspect of the present invention, a therapeutically effective amount of one or more substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids is administered to a subject in order to treat a PAI-1 related disorder, e.g., by inhibiting PAI-i activity in the subject. PAI-1 activity is associated with a number of diseases and conditions. For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, PAI-1 activity is associated with impairment of the fibrinolytic system. In other embodiments, PAI-1 activity is associated with thrombosis, e.g., venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, and deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary fibrosis, thromboembolic complications of surgery, cardiovascular disease, e.g., myocardial ischemia, atherosclerotic plaque formation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal fibrosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, or cancer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A. General Overview

The present invention provides compounds that inhibit PAI-1 activity, processes for preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, and methods for using such compounds in medical therapies. The compounds have properties that are useful for the treatment, including the prevention and inhibition, of a wide variety of diseases and disorders including those involving the production and/or action of PAI-1. These include disorders resulting from impairment of the fibrinolytic system including, but not limited to, thrombosis, coronary heart disease, renal fibrosis, atherosclerotic plaque formation, pulmonary disease, myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, coagulation syndromes, thromboembolic complications of surgery, peripheral arterial occlusion and pulmonary fibrosis. Other disorders include, but are not limited to, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.

The terms “alkyl” and “alkylene,” as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refer to substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chains, the difference being that alkyl groups are monovalent (i.e., terminal) in nature whereas alkylene groups are divalent and typically serve as linkers. Both include, but are not limited to, straight and branched chains containing from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, unless explicitly specified otherwise. For example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl are encompassed by the term “alkyl.” Specifically included within the definition of “alkyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. Representative optional substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, cyano, aryl, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxy, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred substituents include halogen, —CN, —OH, and amino groups. Preferably, alkyl and alkylene groups are unsubstituted.

The carbon number as used in the definitions herein refers to carbon backbone and carbon branching, but does not include carbon atoms of the substituents, such as alkoxy substitutions and the like.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight and branched chains having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one double bond. Preferably, the alkenyl moiety has 1 or 2 double bonds. Such alkenyl moieties can exist in the E or Z conformations and the compounds of this invention include both conformations. Specifically included within the definition of “alkenyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. Representative optional substituents include, but are not limited to, aryl, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxy, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred substituents include halogen, —CN, —OH, and amino groups. Heteroatoms, such as O or S attached to an alkenyl should not be attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to a double bond. Preferably, alkenyl groups are unsubstituted.

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight and branched chains having 2 to about 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one triple bond. Preferably, the alkynyl moiety has 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl can contain more than one triple bond and, in such cases, the alkynyl group must contain at least three carbon atoms. Specifically included within the definition of “alkynyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. Representative optional substituents include, but are not limited to, aryl, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, acyloxy, alkoxy, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred substituents include halogen, —CN, —OH, and amino groups. Heteroatoms, such as O or S attached to an alkynyl should not be attached to the carbon that is bonded to a triple bond. Preferably, alkynyl groups are unsubstituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein, whether alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably 3 to about 6 carbon atoms. Specifically,included within the definition of “cycloalkyl” are those alicyclic hydrocarbon groups that are optionally substituted. Representative optional substituents include from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C₁–C₃ alkyl, C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl (preferably CF₃), —O—C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl (preferably —OCF₃), C₁–C₃ alkoxy, —OH, —NH₂, or —NO₂. Preferably cycloalkyl, groups are unsubstituted.

The term “aryl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, is defined as a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring group having 5 to about 50 carbon atoms with from about 6 to 14 carbon atoms being preferred. The “aryl” group can have a single ring or multiple condensed rings. The term “aryl” includes, but is not limited to phenyl, benzyl, α-naphthyl, β-naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, biphenylenyl, and acenaphthenyl. Preferred aryl groups are phenyl and naphthyl. Specifically included within the definition of “aryl” are those aromatic groups that are optionally substituted. Accordingly, the aryl groups described herein refer to both unsubstituted or substituted aryl groups. For example, in representative embodiments of the present invention, the, “aryl” groups are optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, acyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, azido, cyano, halo, nitro, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred substituents include alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, trihalomethyl, and thioalkoxy.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl”, whether used alone or as part of another group, is defined as a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic ring system (monocyclic or bicyclic). Heteroaryl groups can have, for example, from about 3 to about 50 carbon atoms (unless explicitly specified otherwise) with from about 4 to about 10 being preferred. In some embodiments, heteroaryl groups are aromatic heterocyclic rings systems having about 5 to about 14 ring atoms and containing carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Representative heteroaryl groups are furan, thiophene, indole, azaindole, oxazole, thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, imidazole, N-methylimidazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, pyrazole, N-methylpyrazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1-methyl-1,2,4-triazole, 1H-tetrazole, 1-methyltetrazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzofuran, benzisoxazole, benzimidazole, N-methylbenzimidazole, azabenzimidazole, indazole, quinazoline, quinoline, and isoquinoline. Bicyclic aromatic heteroaryl groups include phenyl, pyridine, pyrimidine or pyridizine rings that are (a) fused to a 6-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one nitrogen atom; (b) fused to a 5- or 6-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having two nitrogen atoms; (c) fused to a 5-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one nitrogen atom together with either one oxygen or one sulfur atom; or (d) fused to a 5-membered aromatic (unsaturated) heterocyclic ring having one heteroatom selected from O, N or S. Representative heteroaryls include pyridyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, benzofuranyl, or benzothienyl groups. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the heteroaryl is pyridyl, pyrrolyl, or furyl. Specifically included within the definition of “heteroaryl” are those aromatic heterocyclic rings that are substituted, for example substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, acyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, azido, cyano, halo, nitro, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, trihalomethyl, and thioalkoxy.

The term “aryl” and “heteroaryl” also include those portions of any aroyl or hetoroaroyl groups described herein.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein, refers to the group R_(a)—O— wherein R_(a) is an alkyl group as defined above. Specifically included within the definition of “alkoxy” are those alkoxy groups that are optionally substituted.

Exemplary substituents on the thioalkoxy and alkoxy groups mentioned above include, but are not limited to, —CN, —OH, and amino groups. Amino group include, for example, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The term “perfluoroalkyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and two or more fluorine atoms and includes, but is not limited to, straight or branched chains, such as —CF₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃ and —CH(CF₃)₂.

The term “alkanoyl” as used herein, refers to the group —C(═O)-alkyl group wherein alkyl is defined as above. Exemplary alkanoyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetyl (ethanoyl), n-propanoyl, n-butanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, n-pentanoyl, 2-methylbutanoyl, 3-methylbutanoyl, 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl, heptanoyl, and decanoyl. The alkyl moieties of alkanoyl groups can be optionally substituted.

The term “aroyl” refers to a carbonyl —C(═O)-aryl group wherein aryl is as previously defined. The aryl moieties of aroyl groups can be optionally substituted. Exemplary aroyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzoyl.

The term “arylalkyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to the group —R_(b)—R_(a), where R_(b) is an alkylene group as defined above, substituted by R_(a), an aryl group, as defined above. Examples of arylalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-phenylpropyl and the like. Arylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted. For example, in representative embodiments of the present invention, the aryl ring is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, acyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, alkynyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, amino, amino substituted by one or two alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, aminoacyl, acylamino, azido, cyano, halo, nitro, thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, substituted thioalkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and trihalomethyl. Preferred optional substituents include from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C₁–C₃ alkyl, C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl (preferably CF₃), —O—C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl (preferably —OCF₃), C₁–C₃ alkoxy, —OH, —NH₂, or —NO₂.

The term “alkylaryl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to the group —R_(a)—R_(b), where R_(a) is an aryl group as defined above, substituted by R_(b), an alkyl group, as defined above. Alkylaryl groups can be optionally substituted.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.

The term “treating” or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success in amelioration of an injury, pathology, or condition, including any objective or subjective parameter such as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury, pathology, or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; or improving a subject's physical or mental well-being. The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective or subjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination, neurological examination, and/or psychiatric evaluation. “Treating” or “treatment of a PAI-1 related disorder” includes preventing the onset of symptoms in a subject that may be predisposed to a PAI-1 related disorder but does not yet experience or exhibit symptoms of the disorder (prophylactic treatment), inhibiting the symptoms of the disorder (slowing or arresting its development), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disorder (including palliative treatment), and/or relieving the symptoms of the disorder (causing regression). Accordingly, the term “treating” includes the administration of the compounds or agents of the present invention to a subject to prevent or delay, to alleviate, or to arrest or inhibit development of the symptoms or conditions associated with PAI-1 related disorders, e.g., tumor growth associated with cancer. A skilled medical practitioner will know how to use standard methods to identify a subject in need of treatment, e.g., by examining the patient and determining whether the patient is suffering from a disease known to be associated with elevated PAI-1 levels or activity or by assaying for PAI-1 levels in blood plasma or tissue of the individual suspected of suffering from a PAI-1 related disease and comparing PAI-1 levels in the blood plasma or tissue of the individual suspected of suffering from a PAI-1 related disease to PAI-1 levels in the blood plasma or tissue of a healthy individual. Increased PAI-1 levels are indicative of disease. Accordingly, the present invention provides, inter alia, methods of administering a compound of the present invention to a subject and determining levels of PAI-1 in the subject. The level of PAI-1 in the subject can be determined before and/or after administration of the compound

In healthy individuals, PAI-1 is found at low levels in the plasma (for example, from about 5–26 ng/mL), but it is elevated in many PAI-1 related disorders, including, for example, atherosclerosis (Schneiderman J. et. al, Proc Natl Acad Sci 89: 6998–7002, 1992) deep vein thrombosis (Juhan-Vague I, et. al, Thromb Haemost 57: 67–72, 1987), and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Juhan-Vague I, et. al, Thromb Haemost 78: 565–660, 1997). PAI-1 stabilizes both arterial and venous thrombi, contributing respectively to coronary arterial occlusion in post-myocardial infarction (Hamsten A, et. al. Lancet 2:3–9, 1987), and venous thrombosis following post-operative recovery from orthopedic surgery. (Siemens H J, et. al, J Clin Anesthesia 11: 622–629, 1999). Plasma PAI-1 is also elevated, for example, in postmenopausal women, and has been proposed to contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in this population (Koh K et. al, N Engl J Med 336: 683–690, 1997).

The term “PAI-1 related disorder or disease” refers to any disease or condition that is associated with increased or enhanced expression or activity of PAI-1 or increased or enhanced expression or activity of a gene encoding PAI-1. Examples of such increased activity or expression can include one or more of the following: activity of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is increased above the level of that in normal subjects; activity of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is in an organ, tissue or cell where it is not normally detected in normal subjects (i.e. spatial distribution of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is altered); activity of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is increased when activity of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is present in an organ, tissue or cell for a longer period than in a normal subjects (i.e., duration of activity of the protein or expression of the gene encoding the protein is increased). A normal or healthy subject is a subject not suffering from a PAI-1 related disorder or disease. In some embodiments of the present invention, the PAI-1 related disorder is not associated with hyperglycemia. A PAI-1 related disorder that is not associated with hyperglycemia is one, for example, that is not caused by elevated levels of glucose in the blood.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for human pharmaceutical use. Such excipients can be solid, liquid, semisolid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters” refers to salts and esters that are pharmaceutically acceptable and have the desired pharmacological properties. Such salts include, for example, salts that can be formed where acidic protons present in the compounds are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Suitable inorganic salts include, for example, those formed with the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, e.g. sodium and potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. Suitable organic salts include, for example, those formed with organic bases such as the amine bases, e.g. ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, trimethamine, N methylglucamine, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also include acid addition salts formed from the reaction of basic moieties, such as amines, in the parent compound with inorganic acids (e.g. hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids) and organic acids (e.g. acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, and the alkane- and arene-sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid). Pharmaceutically acceptable esters include esters formed from carboxy, sulfonyloxy, and phosphonoxy groups present in the compounds, e.g. C₁₋₆ alkyl esters. When there are two acidic groups present, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester can be a mono-acid-mono-salt or ester or a di-salt or ester; and similarly where there are more than two acidic groups present, some or all of such groups can be salified or esterified. Compounds named in this invention can be present in unsalified or unesterified form, or in salified and/or esterified form, and the naming of such compounds is intended to include both the original (unsalified and unesterified) compound and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters. Also, certain compounds named in this invention can be present in more than one stereoisomeric form, and the naming of such compounds is intended to include all single stereoisomers and all mixtures (whether racemic or otherwise) of such stereoisomers.

“Inhibitors,” “activators,” and “modulators” of expression or of activity are used to refer to inhibitory, activating, or modulating molecules, respectively, identified using in vitro and in vivo assays for expression or activity. Inhibitors of the present invention are compositions that, inhibit expression of PAI-1 or bind to, partially or totally block stimulation, decrease, prevent, delay activation, inactivate, desensitize, or down regulate the activity of PAI-1. Samples or assays comprising PAI-1 can be treated with a composition of the present invention and compared to control samples without a composition of the present invention. Control samples (untreated with compositions of the present invention) can be assigned a relative activity value of 100%. In certain embodiments, inhibition of PAI-1 is achieved when the activity value relative to the control is about 80% or less, optionally 50% or 25, 10%, 5% or 1%.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable”, “physiologically tolerable” and grammatical variations thereof, as they refer to compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents, are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of administration to or upon a human without the production of undesirable physiological effects such as nausea, dizziness, gastric upset and the like which would be to a degree that would prohibit administration of the compound.

A “therapeutically effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” means the amount that, when administered to a subject, produces effects for which it is administered. For example, a “therapeutically effective amount,” when administered to a subject to inhibit PAI-1 activity, is sufficient to inhibit PAI-1 activity. A “therapeutically effective amount,” when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect treatment for that disease.

Except when noted, the terms “subject” or “patient” are used interchangeably and refer to mammals such as human patients and non-human primates, as well as experimental animals such as rabbits, rats, and mice, and other animals. Accordingly, the term “subject” or “patient” as used herein means any mammalian patient or subject to which the compounds of the invention can be administered. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, to identify subject patients for treatment according to the methods of the invention, accepted screening methods are employed to determine risk factors associated with a targeted or suspected disease or condition or to determine the status of an existing disease or condition in a subject. These screening methods include, for example, conventional work-ups to determine risk factors that may be associated with the targeted or suspected disease or condition. These and other routine methods allow the clinician to select patients in need of therapy using the methods and formulations of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the subject to be treated with the methods of the present invention does not have hyperglycemia and/or a disease that has been caused by hyperglycemia. Methods of determining whether a subject has hyperglycemia are known in the art and include, for example, performing a glucose test that measures the level of glucose in the blood. Two exemplary tests that can be used to measure the presence of excess levels of glucose in the blood include a test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood during an overnight fast and a test that measures the body's ability to process excess sugar presented after drinking a high glucose test. Typically a subject having a fasting sugar level (sugar level after an overnight fast) of about 64 to about 110 mg/dl does not have hyperglycemia whereas as person having a fasting sugar level of greater than 110 mg/dl has elevated blood sugar levels. A value above about 140 mg/dl on at least two occasions typically signifies that the subject has diabetes.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any formula, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

B. Substituted Naphthyl Benzothiophene Acids

The present invention provides substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids. Such compounds are preferably administered to inhibit PAI-1 expression or activity in a subject and, ultimately, to treat diseases or conditions including those associated with increased PAI-1 activity in a subject, e.g., a PAI-1 related disorder.

Substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids are those of the following formula:

wherein:

-   -   R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl,         C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₁–C₆ alkanoyl, halo,         hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁–C₆ alkoxy,         amino, —NH(C₁–C₆ alkyl), —N(C₁–C₆ alkyl)₂, or C₁–C₆         perfluoroalkoxy;     -   R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         alkenyl, —CH₂R₅, —CH(OH)R₅, —C(═O)R₅, —CH(SH)R₅, —C(═S)R₅ or         —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl;     -   n is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   m is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   R₅ is hydrogen, C₁–C₈ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,         alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or —(CH₂)_(p)—C₃–C₆         cycloalkyl;     -   p is an integer from 0 to 6;     -   R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆         cycloalkyl), arylalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and     -   A is COOH or an acid mimic.

Compounds of the present invention also include prodrugs, stereoisomers, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or ester forms of Formula 1.

For use in the present invention, R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₁–C₆ alkanoyl, halo, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁–C₆ alkoxy, amino, —NH(C₁–C₆ alkyl), —N(C₁–C₆ alkyl)₂, or C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkoxy. In certain compounds of the present invention, R and R₁ are, independently, hydrogen, alkanoyl, or branched alkanoyl. In certain preferred compounds, R and R₁ are hydrogen, pentanoyl, or branched pentanoyl. In such compounds, R₄, R₅, R₆, n, m, p, and A are as defined herein.

In some compounds of the present invention, R₂ and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen or halogen. In certain preferred embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine. In such embodiments R, R₁, R₄, R₅, R₆, n, m, p, and A are as defined herein.

R₄ can be hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, —CH₂R₅, —CH(OH)R₅, —C(═O)R₅, —CH(SH)R₅, —C(═S)R₅ or —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl and R₅ can be hydrogen, C₁–C8 alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or —(CH₂)_(p)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R₄ is —C(═O)R₅ and R₅ is alkyl or arylalkyl. In certain preferred embodiments, R₄ is —C(═O)R₅ and R₅ is C₅ alkyl or benzyl. In such embodiments R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₅, R₆, n, m, p, and A are as defined herein.

A can be COOH, or an acid mimic. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, A is COOH or tetrazole. In such embodiments R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, m, n, and p are as defined herein.

R₆ can be hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), arylalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl. In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, R₆ is hydrogen. In such embodiments R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, n, p, m, and A are as defined herein.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, such substituted compounds include the following compounds:

wherein R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, n, p, m, and A, as defined above, and

wherein R, R₁, R₂, and R₃, are as defined above;

-   -   n=0;     -   A is carboxylic acid or a tetrazole group;     -   R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, or a benzyl group;     -   Y represents two single bonded H atoms; one H and one OH; or a         double bonded oxygen atom; and     -   R₅ is C₁–C₈ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), or         benzyl.

In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the rings of the cycloalkyl and benzyl groups represented by R₅ are substituted by from 1 to 3 groups selected from halogen, C₁–C₃ alkyl, C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl, preferably —CF₃, —O—C₁–C₃ perfluoroalkyl, preferably —O—CF₃, C₁–C₃ alkoxy, —OH, —NH₂, or —NO₂.

Exemplary substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids of the present invention include, but are not limited to, 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-pentan-1-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl }-2-phenyl-ethanone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-3-methyl-butan-1-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, and [1-Chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.

The present invention also provides compositions comprising substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids, including those compounds of formulas 1–3 or a stereoisomer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. Such compositions include pharmaceutical compositions for treating or controlling disease states or conditions associated with increased PAI-1 activity. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise mixtures of one or more substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids.

Certain of the compounds of formulas 1–3 contain stereogenic carbon atoms or other chiral elements and thus give rise to stereoisomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers. The present invention includes all of the stereoisomers of formulas 1–3, as well as mixtures of the stereoisomers. Throughout this application, the name of the product, where the absolute configuration of an asymmetric center is not indicated, is intended to embrace the individual stereoisomers as well as mixtures of stereoisomers. When it is necessary to distinguish the enantiomers from one another and from the racemate, the sign of the optical rotation [(+), (−) and (±)] is utilized. Furthermore, throughout this application, the designations R* and S* are used to indicate relative stereochemistry, employing the Chemical Abstracts convention which automatically assigns R* to the lowest numbered asymmetric center.

Where an enantiomer is preferred, it can, in some embodiments, be provided substantially free of the corresponding enantiomer. Thus, an enantiomer substantially free of the corresponding enantiomer refers to a compound that is isolated or separated via separation techniques or prepared free of the corresponding enantiomer. “Substantially free,” as used herein, means that the compound is made up of a significantly greater proportion of one enantiomer. In preferred embodiments, the compound is made up of at least about 90% by weight of a preferred enantiomer. In other embodiments of the invention, the compound is made up of at least about 99% by weight of a preferred enantiomer. Preferred enantiomers can be isolated from racemic mixtures by any method known to those skilled in the art, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts, or preferred enantiomers can be prepared by methods described herein. Methods for the preparation of preferred enantiomers are described, for example, in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, S. H. Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind. 1972).

Exemplary salt forms of the compounds herein include, but are not limited to, sodium salts and potassium salts. Other exemplary salt forms of these compounds include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic bases known in the art. Salt forms prepared using inorganic bases include hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates of the therapeutically acceptable alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, such as sodium potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like. Acceptable organic bases include amines, such as benzylamine, mono-, di- and trialkylamines, preferably those having alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylaamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, mono-, di-, and triethanolamine. Exemplary salts also include alkylene diamines containing up to 6 carbon atoms, such as hexamethylenediamine; cyclic saturated or unsaturated bases containing up to 6 carbon atoms, including pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, piperazine and their N-alkyl and N-hydroxyalkyl derivatives, such as N-methyl-morpholine and N-(2-hyroxyethyl)-piperidine, or pyridine. Quaternary salts can also be formed, such as tetralkyl forms, such as tetramethyl forms, alkyl-alkanol forms, such as methyl-triethanol or trimethyl-monoethanol forms, and cyclic ammonium salt forms, such as N-methylpyridinium, N-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholinium, N,N-di-methylmorpholinium, N-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholinium, or N,N-dimethyl-piperidinium salt forms. These salt forms can be prepared using the acidic compound(s) of Formulas 1–3 and procedures known in the art.

Exemplary ester forms of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, straight chain alkyl esters having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or branched chain alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2-methylpropyl and 1,1-dimethylethyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, alkylaryl esters, benzyl esters, and the like. Other exemplary esters include, but are not limited to, those of the formula —COOR₈ wherein R₈ is selected from the formula:

wherein R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, arylalkyl of from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; heteroaryl or alkylheteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl ring is bound by an alkyl chain of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Acids and acid mimics, according to the invention, are defined as proton or hydrogen donating groups. Exemplary acid mimics or mimetics of the present invention include pharmaceutically useful carboxylic acids and acid mimics or mimetics known in the art, such as those described in R. Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press (1992) and others. Exemplary acid mimics or mimetics include tetrazole, tetronic acid, acyl tetronic acid, and groups having the formula:

wherein R₇ is C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₂–C₆ alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₃–C₆ cycloalkenyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkenyl), optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl groups or optionally substituted aryl(C₁–C₆)alkyl or heteroaryl(C₁–C₆)alkyl, with the aryl and heteroaryl groups as defined herein.

Preferred compounds of the present invention inhibit PAI-1 activity. Accordingly, the compounds can be used for the treatment, including prevention, inhibition, and/or amelioration of PAI-1 related disorders in a subject, including, for example, in the treatment of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and in the treatment of thrombotic events associated with coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Using the methods of the present invention, a skilled medical practitioner will know how to administer substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids, including those represented by formulas 1–3, to a subject suffering from any of the diseases associated with increased PAI-1 activity or expression, e.g., diabetes or cardiovascular disease, in order to effect treatment for that disease.

In one exemplary embodiment, substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids are administered to a subject in order to treat disease processes involving thrombotic and prothrombotic states which include, but are not limited to, formation of atherosclerotic plaques, venous and arterial thrombosis, myocardial ischemia, atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, coagulation syndromes, pulmonary thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, thromboembolic complications of surgery (such as joint or hip replacement), and peripheral arterial occlusion.

Any disease or condition that is associated with increased PAI-1 activity or expression in a subject can be treated using substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids. Exemplary diseases and conditions include stroke, e.g., stroke associated with or resulting from atrial fibrillation; diseases associated with extracellular matrix accumulation including, but not limited to, renal fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, restenosis, renovascular disease, and organ transplant rejection; diseases associated with neoangiogenesis, including, but not limited to, diabetic retinopathy; Alzheimer's disease, e.g., by increasing or normalizing levels of plasmin concentration in a subject; and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, e.g., by regulating stromal cell hyperplasia and increases in extracellular matrix proteins.

The compounds of the present invention can be used to treat, for example, diabetic nephropathy and renal dialysis associated with nephropathy; malignancies or cancers, including, but not limited to, leukemia, breast cancer and ovarian cancer; tumors, including, but not limited to, liposarcomas and epithelial tumors; septicemia; obesity; insulin resistance; proliferative diseases, including, but not limited to, psoriasis; conditions associated with abnormal coagulation homeostasis; low grade vascular inflammation; cerebrovascular diseases; hypertension; dementia; osteoporosis; arthritis; respiratory diseases, such as asthma; heart failure; arrhythmia; angina, including, but not limited to, angina pectoris; atherosclerosis and sequelae; kidney failure; multiple sclerosis; osteoporosis; osteopenia; dementia; peripheral vascular disease; peripheral arterial disease; acute vascular syndromes; microvascular diseases including, but not limited to, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and nephrotic syndrome; hypertension; Type I and II diabetes and related diseases; hyperglycemia; hyperinsulinemia; malignant lesions; premalignant lesions; gastrointestinal malignancies; coronary heart disease, including, but not limited to, primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, stable and unstable angina, primary prevention of coronary events, and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events; and inflammatory diseases, including, but not limited to, septic shock and the vascular damage associated with infections.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered to a subject in combination with a second therapeutic agent, including, but not limited to, prothrombolytic, fibrinolytic, and anticoagulant agents, or in conjunction with other therapies, for example, protease inhibitor-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of diseases which originate from fibrinolytic impairment and hyper-coagulability of HIV-1 infected patients. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be administered in conjunction with and/or following processes or procedures involving maintaining blood vessel patency, including, but not limited to, vascular surgery, vascular graft and stent patency, organ, tissue and cell implantation and transplantation. The compounds of the present invention can also be used for the treatment of blood and blood products used in dialysis, blood storage in the fluid phase, especially ex vivo platelet aggregation. The compounds of the present invention can also be administered to a subject as a hormone replacement agent or to reduce inflammatory markers or C-reactive protein. The compounds can be administered to improve coagulation homeostasis, to improve endothelial function, or as a topical application for wound healing, e.g., the prevention of scarring. The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a subject in order to reduce the risk of undergoing a myocardial revascularization procedure. The present compounds can also be added to human plasma during the analysis of blood chemistry in hospital settings to determine the fibrinolytic capacity thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be used as imaging agents for the identification of metastatic cancers.

C. Synthesis of Substituted Naphthyl Benzothiophene Acids

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis employing conventional methods that utilize readily available reagents and starting materials. Representative compounds of the present invention can be prepared using the following synthetic schemes. The skilled practitioner will know how to make use of variants of these process steps, which in themselves are well known in the art. R and R₅ are defined as above for Formula 1. R₁₃ and R₁₄ are small alkyls such as methyl or ethyl.

Preparation of 6-bromo-1-chloro-2-naphthol 4 from the corresponding 6-bromo-2-naphthol 4a is described in the literature (Buu-Hoi, JOC 1951, 16, 185). 6-Bromo-1-methyl-2-naphthol 7 was prepared as depicted in reaction Scheme I. Reaction of 6-bromo-2-naphthol 4a with aqueous dimethyl amine and aqueous formaldehyde in alcohol afforded the Mannich product 5. Reaction of 5 with acetyl chloride in methylene chloride or chloroform afforded the acetate 6. Hydride reduction of 6 in a solvent such as ethanol followed by basic work-up yielded the desired 6-bromo-1-methyl-2-naphthol 7.

In Scheme II, substituted 2-naphthyl benzothiophenes 9 were prepared by cross-coupling of substituted bromo naphthalenes with various benzothiophene boronic acids 8 using standard palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling procedures under basic conditions in a variety of solvents or mixtures of solvents such as dioxane, water, toluene, alcohol, or THF. Reaction of 9 with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of a Lewis acid such as tin(IV)chloride was carried out in a solvent such as methylene chloride or chloroform to afford the 3-acyl benzothiophene derivatives 10. Conversion of the methoxy group of 10 to the corresponding hydroxy group was accomplished by treatment of 10 with boron trichloride or boron tribromide in methylene chloride affording derivatives 11. Subsequent bromination of 11 using bromine in acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate furnished the bromo derivatives 12a. Reduction of 12a or 11 with sodium borohydride in a solvent such as ethanol afforded the alcohols 12b or 12c respectively. Further reduction of 12b or 12c with triethylsilane in a solvent such as methylene chloride under acidic conditions (trifluoro acetic acid) afforded the alkyl derivatives 12d and 12e respectively.

In a similar manner, preparation of substituted 2-naphthyl benzothiophene acids 13a, 13b, 13c, 14a, 14b, and 14c from 6-bromo naphthalenes 4 or 7, was accomplished by following a modification of the reaction sequence described in Scheme II.

In Scheme III, compounds 12, 13, or 14 were alkylated with bromoacetonitrile using a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate in a solvent such as acetone to give the nitriles 15. Conversion of the nitriles 15 to the corresponding tetrazole derivatives la was carried out by reacting with sodium azide in the presence of ammonium chloride in a solvent such as DMF at a temperature of 80–100 ° C. Similarly, alkylation of 12, 13, or 14 with a bromoacetate under basic conditions as described above afforded the acetate derivatives 16. Saponification of 16 furnished the corresponding acetic acid derivatives lb. Alternatively, coupling of compounds 12, 13, or 14 with hydroxy esters such as phenyllactic acid esters under standard Mitsunobu reaction conditions afforded the substituted esters 17. Hydrolysis of the ester as described above afforded the desired acids 1c.

D. Substituted Naphthyl Benzothiophene Acids as Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention provides substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids as pharmaceuticals. In a preferred embodiment, the substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids are formulated as pharmaceuticals to treat diseases associated with increased PAI-1 activity, e.g., by inhibiting PAI-1 activity in a subject.

In general, substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids can be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by any method known in the art for administering therapeutic drugs including oral, buccal, topical, systemic (e.g., transdermal, intranasal, or by suppository), or parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection). Compositions can take the form of tablets, pills, capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate compositions; and comprise at least one compound of this invention in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Suitable excipients are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, and they, and the methods of formulating the compositions, can be found in such standard references as Alfonso A R: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton Pa., 1985. Suitable liquid carriers, especially for injectable solutions, include water, aqueous saline solution, aqueous dextrose solution, and glycols. In some embodiments of the present invention, substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids suitable for use in the practice of this invention will be administered either singly or in combination with at least one other compound of this invention. Substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids suitable for use in the practice of the present invention can also be administered with at least one other conventional therapeutic agent for the disease being treated.

Aqueous suspensions of the invention can contain a naphthyl benzothiophene acid in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients can include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethylene oxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitol mono-oleate), or a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate). The aqueous suspension can also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose, aspartame or saccharin. Formulations can be adjusted for osmolarity.

Oil suspensions can be formulated by suspending a naphthyl benzothiophene acid in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin; or a mixture of these. The oil suspensions can contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents can be added to provide a palatable oral preparation, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. These formulations can be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid. As an example of an injectable oil vehicle, see Minto, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281:93–102, 1997. The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention can also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil, described above, or a mixture of these. Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan mono-oleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate. The emulsion can also contain sweetening agents and flavoring agents, as in the formulation of syrups and elixirs. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, or a coloring agent.

The compound of choice, alone or in combination with other suitable components, can be made into aerosol formulations (i.e., they can be “nebulized”) to be administered via inhalation. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration, such as, for example, by intraarticular (in the joints), intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes, include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water and Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride. In addition, sterile fixed oils can conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid can likewise be used in the preparation of injectables. These solutions are sterile and generally free of undesirable matter. Where the compounds are sufficiently soluble they can be dissolved directly in normal saline with or without the use of suitable organic solvents, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol. Dispersions of the finely divided compounds can be made-up in aqueous starch or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution, or in suitable oil, such as arachis oil. These formulations can be sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques. The formulations can contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents, e.g., sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration of substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight, and the like, in accordance with the particular mode of administration selected and the patient's needs. For IV administration, the formulation can be a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution of 1,3-butanediol. The formulations of commends can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials.

Injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.

Substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids suitable for use in the practice of this invention can be administered orally. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition can vary widely depending on the type of composition, size of a unit dosage, kind of excipients, and other factors well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In general, the final composition can comprise from 0.000001 percent by weight (% w) to 10% w of the substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acid, preferably 0.00001% w to 1% w, with the remainder being the excipient or excipients.

Pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical formulations to be formulated in unit dosage forms as tablets, pills, powder, dragees, capsules, liquids, lozenges, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc. suitable for ingestion by the patient. Formulations suitable for oral administration can consist of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the packaged nucleic acid suspended in diluents, such as water, saline or PEG 400; (b) capsules, sachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as liquids, solids, granules or gelatin; (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (d) suitable emulsions.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained through combination of the compounds of the present invention with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable additional compounds, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable solid excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers and include, but are not limited to sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose such as methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; and gums including arabic and tragacanth; as well as proteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating or solubilizing agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium phosphates, corn starch, potato starch, microcrystalline cellulose, gelatin, colloidal silicon dioxide, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, fillers, binders, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, dyes, disintegrating agents, and pharmaceutically compatible carriers. Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, e.g., sucrose, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, carriers known in the art.

The substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids of the present invention can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These formulations can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperatures and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered by intranasal, intraocular, intravaginal, and intrarectal routes including suppositories, insufflation, powders and aerosol formulations (for examples of steroid inhalants, see Rohatagi, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 35:1187–1193, 1995; Tjwa, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 75:107–111, 1995).

The substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids of the present invention can be delivered transdermally, by a topical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols.

Encapsulating materials can also be employed with the compounds of the present invention and the term “composition” is intended to include the active ingredient in combination with an encapsulating material as a formulation, with or without other carriers. For example, the compounds of the present invention can also be delivered as microspheres for slow release in the body. In one embodiment, microspheres can be administered via intradermal injection of drug-containing microspheres, which slowly release subcutaneously (see Rao, J. Biomater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623–645, 1995; as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations (see, e.g., Gao, Pharm. Res. 12:857–863, 1995); or, as microspheres for oral administration (see, e.g., Eyles, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:669–674, 1997). Both transdermal and intradermal routes afford constant delivery for weeks or months. Cachets can also be used in the delivery of the compounds of the present invention, e.g., anti-atherosclerotic medicaments.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention can be delivered by the use of liposomes which fuse with the cellular membrane or are endocytosed, i.e., by employing ligands attached to the liposome, or attached directly to the oligonucleotide, that bind to surface membrane protein receptors of the cell resulting in endocytosis. By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries ligands specific for target cells, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific organ, one can focus the delivery of the compound into the target cells in vivo. (See, e.g., Al-Muhammed, J. Microencapsul. 13:293–306, 1996; Chonn, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:698–708, 1995; Ostro, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 46:1576–1587, 1989).

In other cases, the preferred preparation can be a lyophilized powder which may contain, for example, any or all of the following: 1 mM–50 mM histidine, 0.1%–2% sucrose, 2%–7% mannitol, at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can optionally contain, in addition to a substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acid, at least one other therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of a disease or condition associated with increased PAI-1 activity.

The pharmaceutical compositions are generally formulated as sterile, substantially isotonic and in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

E. Determining Dosage Regimens for Substituted Naphthyl Benzothiophene Acids

The present invention provides methods of inhibiting PAI-1 activity in a subject for the treatment of diseases and conditions associated with increased PAI-1 activity using substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids.

For treatment purposes, the compositions or compounds disclosed herein can be administered to the subject in a single bolus delivery, via continuous delivery (e.g., continuous transdermal, mucosal, or intravenous delivery) over an extended time period, or in a repeated administration protocol (e.g., by an hourly, daily or weekly, repeated administration protocol). The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention can be administered, for example, one or more times daily, 3 times per week, or weekly. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention are orally administered once or twice daily.

In this context, a therapeutically effective dosage of the biologically active agent(s) can include repeated doses within a prolonged treatment regimen that will yield clinically significant results to alleviate one or more symptoms or detectable conditions associated with increased PAI-1 activity. Determination of effective dosages in this context is typically based on animal model studies followed up by human clinical trials and is guided by determining effective dosages and administration protocols that significantly reduce the occurrence or severity of targeted exposure symptoms or conditions in the subject. Suitable models in this regard include, for example, murine, rat, porcine, feline, non-human primate, and other accepted animal model subjects known in the art. Alternatively, effective dosages can be determined using in vitro models (e.g., immunologic and histopathologic assays). Using such models, only ordinary calculations and adjustments are typically required to determine an appropriate concentration and dose to administer a therapeutically effective amount of the biologically active agent(s) (e.g., amounts that are intranasally effective, transdermally effective, intravenously effective, or intramuscularly effective to elicit a desired response). In alternative embodiments, an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dose” of the biologically active agent(s) will simply inhibit or enhance one or more selected biological activity(ies) correlated with a disease or condition, as set forth above, for either therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.

The actual dosage of biologically active agents will of course vary according to factors such as the extent of exposure and particular status of the subject (e.g., the subject's age, size, fitness, extent of symptoms, susceptibility factors, etc), time and route of administration, as well as other drugs or treatments being administered concurrently. Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide an optimum prophylactic or therapeutic response. By “therapeutically effective dose” herein is meant a dose that produces effects for which it is administered. More specifically, a therapeutically effective dose of the compound(s) of the invention preferably alleviates symptoms, complications, or biochemical indicia of diseases associated with increased PAI-1 activity. The exact dose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (Vols. 1–3, 1992); Lloyd, 1999, The Art, Science, and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding; and Pickar, 1999, Dosage Calculations). A therapeutically effective dose is also one in which any toxic or detrimental side effects of the active agent is outweighed in clinical terms by therapeutically beneficial effects. It is to be further noted that for each particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be evaluated and adjusted over time according to the individual need and professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compound.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, unit dosage forms of the compounds are prepared for standard administration regimens. In this way, the composition can be subdivided readily into smaller doses at the physicians direction. For example, unit dosages can be made up in packeted powders, vials or ampoules and preferably in capsule or tablet form. The active compound present in these unit dosage forms of the composition can be-present in an amount of, for example, from about one gram to about fifteen grams or more, for single or multiple daily administration, according to the particular need of the patient. By initiating the treatment regimen with a minimal daily dose of about one gram, the blood levels of PAI-1 and the patients symptomatic relief analysis can be used to determine whether a larger or smaller dose is indicated. Effective administration of the compounds of this invention can be given at an oral dose of, for example, from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 1,000 mg/kg/day. Preferably, administration will be from about 10/mg/kg/day to about 600 mg/kg/day, more preferably from about 25 to about 200 mg/kg/day, and even more preferably from about 50 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg /day. In some embodiments, a daily dosage of from about 1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg is provided.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to prodrugs of compounds of formulas 1–3. The term “prodrug,” as used herein, means a compound that is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g. by hydrolysis) to a compound of formulas 1–3. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art such as those discussed in, for example, Bundgaard, (ed.), Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed.), Methods in Enzymology, vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., (ed). “Design and Application of Prodrugs, Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113–191 (1991), Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Drug Delivery Reviews, 8:1–38(1992), Bundgaard, J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); and Higuchi and Stella (eds.) Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975).

F. Kits

After a pharmaceutical comprising a substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acid has been formulated in a suitable carrier, it can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of a PAI-1 related disorder, e.g., thrombosis. Additionally, another pharmaceutical comprising at least one other therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of the PAI-1 related disorder can be placed in the container as well and labeled for treatment of the indicated disease. Alternatively, a single pharmaceutical comprising a substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acid and at least one other therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of a PAI-1 related disorder can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment. For administration of pharmaceuticals comprising substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids and of pharmaceuticals comprising, in a single pharmaceutical, substituted naphthyl benzothiophene acids and at least one other therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of a PAI-1 related disorder, such labeling would include, for example, instructions concerning the amount, frequency and method of administration. Similarly, for administration of multiple pharmaceuticals provided in the container, such labeling would include, for example, instructions concerning the amount, frequency and method of administration of each pharmaceutical.

EXAMPLES

The syntheses of compounds 1–8 are described in examples 1–8 respectively.

Example 1 Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-pentan-1-one

Step 1: Synthesis of (1,6-Dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile: A mixture of 6-methoxy-2-bromonaphthol (25.0 g, 82.8 mmol) and cesium carbonate (54.0 g, 166 mmol) in acetone (250 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. Bromoacetonitrile (6.3 mL, 91 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 17 hours. The insoluble material was then filtered off, and the acetone filtrate was solvent evaporated. The resulting residue was then partitioned in ethyl acetate and water, with some warming. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The solid residue was stirred in hexane for ten minutes, filtered and rinsed with hexane. It was dried in vacuo at 72° C. for five hours to yield (1,6-dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile (25.3 g, 89.7%) as a light brown solid: MP: 130–2° C.; Mass spectrum (+EI, [M+OAc]⁺) m/z 398. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.26 (d, 1H, J=1.97 Hz), 8.01–8.05 (m, 2H), 7.75 (dd, 1H, J=9.04 Hz and 2.10 Hz), 7.63 (d, 1H, J=9.11 Hz), 7.55 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.38 ppm (s, 2H). Elemental Analysis for C₁₂H₇Br₂NO: Calcd: C, 42.27; H, 2.07; N, 4.11; Found: C, 42.42; H, 2.04; N, 4.15.

Step 2: Synthesis of (6-Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile: A mixture of (1,6-dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile (9.2 g, 27 mmol), benzothiophene-2-boronic acid (7.2 g, 40 mmol) in two portions, tetrabutylammonium bromide (8.7 g, 27 mmol), potassium carbonate (9.4 g 68 mmol) and palladium (II) acetate (0.079 g, 0.35 mmol) in THF (25 mL) and water (41 mL) was heated at 70° C. for seven hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into 2N hydrochloric acid. This was extracted with hot chloroform (due to limited solubility). The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtrered and solvent evaporated. The residue was stirred in acetonitrile for ten minutes. It was then filtered and rinsed with acetonitrile. The precipitate was dried for 12 hours in vacuo at 76° C. to yield 6.8 g of title compound as a taupe-colored solid. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography with 10–45% chloroform in hexane. After drying for 20 minutes in vacuo at 60° C., 1.33 g more of the title compound was obtained as a light buff-colored solid. The total yield of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile was 8.1 g (86%): MP: 179–81° C.; Mass spectrum (+EI, M⁺) m/z 393/395. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.37 (d, 1H,J=1.83 Hz), 8.20 (d, 2H, J=7.94 Hz), 8.15 (dd, 1H, J=8.86 and 1.87 Hz), 8.01–4 (m, 2H), 7.88–7.90 (m, 1H), 7.67 (d, 1H, J=9.16 Hz), 7.37–7.43 (m, 2H), 5.44 ppm (s, 2H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₀H₁₂BrNOS: Calcd: C, 60.92; H, 3.07; N, 3.55; Found: C, 60.75; H, 2.91; N, 3.34.

Step 3: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetonitrile: To a 0° C. suspension of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile (5.27 g, 13.4 mmol) in chloroform (400 mL) was added valeryl chloride (2.1 mL, 17 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (2.3 mL, 20 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 22.5 hours. During reflux, valeryl chloride (8.5 mL, 70 mmol) in four portions and tin (IV) chloride (8.9 mL, 76 mmol) were added in four portions. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water. The phases were separated, and the organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using (1) 100% chloroform, (2) 20–60% methylene chloride in hexane and 100% methylene chloride and (3) HPLC in 86% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for 30 minutes yielded (0.356 g, 5.23%) of the title compound as a clear brown gum: mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 478/480. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.24–8.28 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H, J=1.83 Hz), 8.10 (dd, 1H, J=6.49 Hz and 1.48 Hz), 7.96–7.97 (m, 1H), 7.81 (dd, 1H, J=8.71 Hz and 1.84 Hz), 7.73 (d, 1H, J=9.15 Hz), 7.46–7.52 (m, 2H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=7.26 Hz), 1.41–1.46 (m, 2H), 0.97–1.04 (m, 2H), 0.57 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.33 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₀BrNO₂S+0.6 mole H₂O: Calcd: C, 61.38; H, 4.37; N, 2.86; Found: C, 61.07; H, 4.21; N, 2.67.

Step 4: Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-pentan-1-one: A mixture of [1-bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetonitrile (0.576 g, 1.20 mmol), sodium azide (0.393 g, 6.05 mmol) and ammonium chloride (0.33 g, 6.2 mmol) in DMF (10 mmol) was heated at 80° C. for three hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by HPLC using 81% acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 58° C. for 16 hours yielded 1-{2-[5-bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-pentan-1-one as a light yellow foam (0.312 g, 49.8%). Mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 521/523. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ16.6–17.3 (br, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=8.86 Hz),8.16–8.20 (m, 2H), 8.08–8.09 (m, 1H), 7.95–7.97 (m, 1H), 7.75–7.78 (m, 2H), 7.46–7.52 (m, 2H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=7.26 Hz), 1.40–1.46 (m, 2H), 0.96–1.04 (m, 2H), 0.58 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.42 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₁BrN₄O₂S: Calcd: C, 57.59; H, 4.06; N, 10.74; Found: C, 57.42; H, 4.19; N, 10.59.

Example 2 Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of (1,6-Dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester: A mixture of 6-methoxy-2-bromonaphthol (20.1 g, 66.6 mmol) and cesium carbonate (43.2 g, 133 mmol) in acetone (200 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for one hour. Ethyl bromoacetate (8.8 mL, 80 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 23 hours at ambient temperature. The insoluble material was then filtered off, and the acetone filtrate was solvent evaporated. It was then partitioned in water and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The resulting residue was stirred in hexane for 10 minutes, filtered and rinsed with hexane. It was then dried at 64° C. in vacuo for 25 hours to yield (1,6-dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester as a light yellow solid (19.5 g, 75.6%): MP: 104–6° C.; mass spectrum (+EI, M⁺) m/z 388. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.24 (d, 1H, J=1.99 Hz), 8.03 (d, 1H, J=9.01 Hz), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=9.01 Hz), 7.75 (dd, 1H, J=9.09 Hz and 2.07 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H,J=9.17 Hz), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.17 (q, 2H, J=7.07 Hz), 1.21 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.07 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₁₄H₁₂Br₂O₃: Calcd: C, 43.33; H, 3.12; N, 0.00; Found: C, 43.40; H, 3.10; N, 0.00.

Step 2: Synthesis of (6-Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester: A mixture of (1,6-dibromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (6.9 g, 18 mmol), benzothiophene-2-boronic acid (4.78 g, 26.8 mmol) in two portions, palladium (II) acetate (0.11 g, 0.49 mmol), potassium carbonate (6.2 g, 45 mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (5.8 g, 18 mmol) in water (90 mL) and THF (35 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then poured into excess 2N hydrochloric acid. It was extracted with chloroform. The organic phase was then washed with water and brine. It was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered hot (due to limited solubility) and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using 25–45% methylene chloride in hexane and 100% chloroform as eluent. Drying at 60° C. in vacuo for 30 minutes yielded (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester as a buff-colored solid (3.3 g, 42%) MP: 178–81° C.; mass spectrum (+EI, M⁺) m/z 440/442. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.32 (d, 1H,J=1.83 Hz), 8.18 (d, 1H, J=8.86 Hz), 8.07–8.12 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, 2H, J=7.33 Hz), 7.88 (dd, 1H, J=7.63 Hz and 1.07 Hz), 7.47 (d, 1H, J=9.16 Hz), 7.36–7.43 (m, 2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 4.18 (q, 2H, J=7.08 Hz), 1.22 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.11 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₂H₁₇BrO₃S: Calcd: C, 59.87; H, 3.88; N, 0.00; Found: C, 60.03; H, 3.83; N, 0.00.

Step 3: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester: To a 0° C. solution of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (3.0 g, 6.8 mmol) in chloroform (90 mL) was added valeryl chloride (0.97 mL, 8.2 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (1.2 mL, 10 mmol). This reaction mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for three hours. It was then refluxed for a total of 17.5 hours. During refluxing was added valeryl chloride (1.94 mL, 16.4 mmol) in two portions and tin (IV) chloride (2.4 mL, 20 mmol) in two portions. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. It was then poured into ice water and diluted with additional chloroform. The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and solvent evaporated. The residue was then purified several times by flash chromatography using (1) 20%–50% methylene chloride in hexane and 100% methylene chloride, (2) 100% hexane, 1–10% ethyl acetate in hexane and (3) 100% hexane and 5–40% 1,2-dichloroethane in hexane and 100% methylene chloride. Further purification was done by IPLC using 90% acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) in water as the mobile system. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for 30 minutes yielded [1-bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester as a clear, light brown gum (0.0979 g, 2.72%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.23 (d, 1H, J=8.81 Hz), 8.06–8.14 (m, 3H), 7.94–7.96 (m, 1H), 7.72 (dd, 1H, J=8.81 Hz and 1.79 Hz), 7.44–7.52 (m, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, 2H, J=7.11 Hz), 2.37 (t, 2H, J=7.30 Hz), 1.18–1.20 (m, 2H), 1.38–1.45 (m, 2H), 0.9–1.05 (m, 3H), 0.56 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.37 Hz).

Step 4: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid: A mixture of [1-bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.0932 g, 0.177 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.063 gm 1.1 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and water (5 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for two hours. It was then poured in excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, solvent evaporated and dried in vacuo at 64° C. for 25 hours to yield [1-bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid as a light yellow solid (0.0662 g, 75.2%): MP: 164–5° C.; mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 497/499. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ13.0–13.2 (br, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=8.70 Hz), 8.07–8.13 (m, 3H), 7.95–7.97 (m, 1H), 7.76 (dd, 1H, J=8.78 Hz and 1.91 Hz), 7.45–7.51 (m, 3H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 2.42 (t, 2H, J=7.22 Hz), 1.40–1.46 (m, 2H), 0.97–1.04 (m, 2H), 0.58 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.41 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₁BrO₄S: Calcd: C, 60.37; H, 4.26; N, 0.00; Found: C, 60.23; H, 4.35; N, 0.00.

Example 3 Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-2-phenyl-ethanone

Step 1: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetonitrile: To a 0° C. mixture of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile (4.87 g, 12.4 mmol) in chloroform (250 mL) was added phenylacetyl chloride (2.0 mL, 15 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (2.2 mL, 19 mmol). It was refluxed for five hours. During reflux, additional phenylacetyl chloride (2.0 mL, 15 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (2.2 mL, 19 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and poured into ice water. It was diluted with additional chloroform and washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtrered and solvent evaporated. After stirring the residue in ether and filtering, the filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography using 25–45% methylene chloride in hexane and 100% methylene chloride as eluent and then further purified by HPLC using 86% acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for one hour yielded the title compound as a hard amber gum (0.531 g, 8.36%); mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 512/514. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.30 (d, 1H, J=8.70 Hz), 7.74 (d, 1H, J=9.17 Hz), 7.85 (dd, 1H, J=8.70 Hz and 1.83 Hz), 8.21–8.25 (m,2H), 8.07–8.10 (m, 1H), 7.90–7.94 (m, 1H), 7.44–7.50 (m, 2H), 7.13–7.19 (m, 3H), 6.91–6.94 (m, 2H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 3.8 ppm (s, 2H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₁₈BrO₂S: Calcd: C, 65.63; H, 3.54; N, 2.73; Found: C, 65.48; H, 3.43; N, 2.35.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-2-phenyl-ethanone: A mixture of [1-bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetonitrile (0.437 g, 0.852 mmol), sodium azide (0.284 g, 4.36 mmol) and ammonium chloride (0.233 g, 4.36 mmol) in DMF (10 mmol) was heated at 80° C. for two hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by HPLC using 72% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 64° C. for four hours yielded 1-{2-[5-bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-2-phenyl-ethanone as a yellow foam (0.180 g, 38.1%); mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 555/557. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ16.7–17.2 (br, 1H), 8.27 (d, 1H, J=8.86 Hz), 8.18–8.20 (m, 2H), 8.07–8.10 (m, 1H), 7.90–7.93 (m, 1H), 7.82 (dd, 1H, J=8.70 Hz and 1.83 Hz), 7.77 (d, 1H, J=9.16 Hz), 7.45–7.50 (m, 2H), 7.13–7.19 (m, 3H), 6.93 (dd, 2H, J=7.64 Hz and 1.55 Hz), 5.77 (s, 2H), 3.81 ppm (s, 2H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₁₉BrN₄O₂S+0.3 mole H₂O: Calcd: C, 59.96; H, 3.52; N, 9.99; Found: C, 59.58; H, 3.40; N, 9.69.

Example 4 Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester. A mixture of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (4.35g, 9.86 mmol), phenylacetyl chloride (4.0 mL, 30 mmol) in two portions and tin (IV) chloride (4.3 mL, 37 mmol) in chloroform (220 mL) was refluxed for five hours. It was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and poured into ice water. It was diluted with additional chloroform and washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. After stirring the residue in ether and filtering, the filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography using (1) 25–35% methylene chloride in hexane and 100% methylene chloride and (2) 1–8% ethyl acetate in hexane. It was then purified by HPLC using 85% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for one hour yielded [1-bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester as a yellow semi-solid (0.491 g, 8.89%); mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 559/561. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.28 (d, 1H, J=7.19 Hz), 8.17 (d, 1H, J=1.98 Hz), 8.12 (d, 1H, J=9.01 Hz), 8.06–8.10 (m, 1H), 7.90–7.93 (m, 1H), 7.81 (dd, 1H, J=8.78 Hz and 1.91 Hz), 7.54 (d, 1H, J=9.16 Hz), 7.45–7.50 (m, 2H), 7.13–7.19 (m, 3H), 6.91–6.94 (m, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, 2H, J=7.13 Hz), 3.81 (s, 2H), 1.22 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.10 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₃₀H₂₃BrO₄S+0.10 mol H₂O: Calcd: C, 64.19; H, 4.17; N, 0.00; Found: C, 63.85; H, 4.03; N, 0.00.

Step 2: Synthesis of [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid: A mixture of [1-bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.427 g, 0.764 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.162 g 2.89 mmol) in THF (125 mL) and water (125 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for two hours. It was then poured in excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, solvent evaporated and purified by HPLC using 65% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for 25 minutes to yield [1-bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid as a yellow solid (0.100 g, 24.6%): MP: 170–2° C.; mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 531/533. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ13.0–13.3 (br, 1H), 8.27 (d, 1H, J=8.86 Hz), 8.16 (d, 1H, J=1.52 Hz), 8.06–8.12 (m, 2H), 7.89–7.92 (m, 1H), 7.81 (dd, 1H, J=8.86 Hz and 1.83 Hz), 7.44–7.52 (m, 3H), 7.13–7.19 (m, 3H), 6.92–6.94 (m, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 3.81 ppm (s, 2H).

Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₁₉BrO₄S+0.15 mole H₂O: Calcd: C, 62.96; H, 3.64; N, 0.00; Found: C, 62.59; H, 3.79; N, 0.00.

Example 5 Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-3-methyl-butan-1-one

Step 1: Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3-methyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetonitrile: To a 0° C. mixture of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetonitrile (11.3 g, 32.4 mmol) in chloroform (560 mL) was added isovaleryl chloride (4.7 mL, 39 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (5.8 mL, 49 mmol). The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 23 hours. During this time, isovaleryl chloride (12.7 mL, 103 mmol) in three portions and tin (IV) chloride (13.4 mL, 113 mmol) were added in three portions. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water. It was diluted with more chloroform, and the organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was stirred in ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography using 25–50% methylene chloride in hexane and then by HPLC using 89% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 70° C. for 50 minutes yielded {1-bromo-6-[3-(3-methyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetonitrile (1.1 g, 7.10%) as a yellow semi-solid. mass spectrum (−EI, [M−H]⁻) m/z 476/478. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.19–8.25 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, 1H, J=1.83 Hz), 8.04–8.07 (m, 1H), 7.91–7.94 (m, 1H), 7.78 (dd, 1H, J=8.78 Hz and 1.95 Hz), 7.69 (d, 1H, J=9.15 Hz), 7.42–7.49 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 2.28 (d, 2H, J=6.71 Hz), 1.93–2.00 (m, 1H), 0.64 ppm (d, 6H, J=6.71 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₀BrNO₂S: Calcd: C, 62.77; H, 4.21; N, 2.93; Found: C, 62.79; H, 4.18; N, 2.82.

Step 2: Synthesis of 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-3-methyl-butan-1-one: A mixture of {1-bromo-6-[3-(3-methyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetonitrile (1.01 g, 2.11 mmol), sodium azide (0.687 g, 10.6 mmol) and ammonium chloride (0.570 g, 10.7 mmol) in DMF (10 mmol) was heated at 80° C. for two hours. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. Drying in vacuo at 78° C. for 12 hours yielded 1-{2-[5-bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-3-methyl-butan-1-one as a yellow foam (0.602 g, 75%). Mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 521/523. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ16.7–17.2 (br, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=9.01 Hz), 8.16–8.19 (m, 2H), 8.08–8.10 (m, 1H), 7.95–7.97 (m, 1H), 7.75–7.79 (m, 2H), 7.46–7.52 (m, 2H), 5.77 (s, 2H), 2.32 (d, 2H, J=6.72 Hz), 1.95–2.02 (m, 1H), 0.65 ppm (d, 6H, J=6.57 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₁BrN₄O₂S: Calcd: C, 57.59; H, 4.06; N, 10.74; Found: C, 57.37; H, 4.12; N, 10.48.

Example 6 Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester: To a 0° C. mixture of (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-bromo-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (5.18 g, 11.7 mmol) in chloroform (270 mL) was added t-butylacetyl chloride (2.0 mL, 14 mmol) and tin (IV) chloride (2.1 mL, 18 mmol). It was refluxed for 23 hours. During reflux, more t-butylacetyl chloride (9.0 mL, 66 mmol) in four portions and tin (IV) chloride (8.4 mL, 71 mmol) in four portions were added. It was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and poured into ice water. It was diluted with additional chloroform and washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using (1) 100% chloroform, (2) 25–60% methylene chloride in hexane. It was then purified by HPLC using 90% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at ambient temperature for two hours yielded {1-bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester as an amber semi-solid (0.412 g, 6.53%); mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 539/541. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.26 (d, 1H, J=8.81 Hz), 8.07–8.14(m, 3H), 7.91–7.93 (m, 1H), 7.76 (dd, 1H, J=8.81 Hz and 1.97 Hz), 7.45–7.53 (m, 3H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.19 (q, 2H, J=7.15 Hz), 2.33 (s, 2H), 1.20–1.25 (m, 3H), 0.76 ppm (s, 9H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₂₇BrNO₄S: Calcd: C, 62.34; H, 5.04; N, 0.00; Found: C, 57.16; H, 4.37; N, 0.00.

Step 2: Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid: A mixture of {1-bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.360 g, 0.667 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.125 g, 2.23 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and water (5 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for four hours. It was then poured in excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, solvent evaporated dried in vacuo at 78° C. for 12 hours to yield {1-bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid as a light yellow solid (0.233 g, 68.3%): MP: 206–7° C.; mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 511/513. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ12.9–13.4 (br, 1H), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=9.01 Hz), 8.11–8.13(m, 2H), 8.07–8.09 (m, 1H), 7.74 (dd, 1H, J=8.78 Hz and 1.76 Hz), 7.46–7.51 (m, 3H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 2.33 (s, 2H), 0.76 ppm (s, 9H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₆H₂₃BrNO₄S: Calcd: C, 61.06; H, 4.53; N, 0.00; Found: C, 61.17; H,4.64; N, 0.00.

Example 7 Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester: {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester was obtained as a side product from the HPLC purification of Example 6, step 2. The yield of the brown yellow solid (no definite MP) was 0.207 g, 3.84%; mass spectrum (+EI, [M+H]⁺) m/z 539/541. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.74 (s, 1H), 8.40(d, 1H, J=1.68 Hz), 8.22 (d, 1H, J=9.00 Hz), 8.12–8.16 (m, 3H), 7.96–8.00 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, 1H, J=9.15 Hz), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H, J=7.12 Hz), 3.01 (s, 2H), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7.10 Hz), 1.05 ppm (s, 9H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₈H₂₇BrNO₄S: Calcd: C, 62.34; H, 5.04; N, 0.00; Found: C, 57.27; H, 4.72; N, 0.00.

Step 2: Synthesis of {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid: A mixture of {1-bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.167 g, 0.310 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.056 g, 1.0 mmoles) in THF (20 mL) and water (20 mL) was stirred for one hour at ambient temperature. It was then poured in excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, solvent evaporated dried in vacuo at 65° C. for 13.5 hours to yield {1-bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid as a light yellow solid (0.119 g, 74.8%): MP: 246–7° C.; mass spectrum (−EI, [M−H]⁻) m/z 509/511. ⁻H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.74 (s, 1H), 8.40(d, 1H, J=1.68 Hz), 8.21 (d, 1H, J=9.00 Hz), 8.11–8.15 (m, 3H), 7.97–7.98 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, 1H, J=9.16 Hz), 5.01 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 1.05 ppm (s, 9H). Elemental Analysis for C₂₆H₂₃BrNO₄S: Calcd: C, 61.06; H, 4.53; N, 0.00; Found: C, 60.94; H, 4.59; N, 0.00.

Example 8 Synthesis of [1-Chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid

Step 1: Synthesis of 6-Bromo-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol: A mixture of 6-bromo-2-naphthol (20.0 g, 89.7 mmol) and sulfuryl chloride (14.4 mL, 180 mmol) in chloroform (220 mL) was refluxed for 30 minutes. It was then stirred, while cooling to ambient temperature, for one hour. Water (100 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was recrystallized in hot hexane. It was rinsed with cold acetone and dried in vacuo at 60° C. for 30 minutes to yield 6-bromo-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol as a tan solid (11.2 g, 48.3%): MP: 100–1° C.; Mass spectrum (−ES, [M−H]⁻) m/z 255, 257, 259. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.63 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz), 7.95 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.77 (d, 1H, J=9 Hz), 7.68 (dd, 1H, J=9.0, 1.8 Hz), and 7.32 ppm (d, 1H, J=8.85 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₁₀H₆BrClO: Calculated: C, 46.64; H, 2.35; N, 0.00. Found: C, 46.69; H, 2.35; N, 0.00.

Step 2: Synthesis of 6-Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol: A mixture of 6-bromo-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol (11.2 g, 43.5 mmol), benzothiophene-2-boronic acid (15.1 g, 85.0 mmol) in three portions, palladium (II) acetate (0.76 g, 3.43 mmol) in three portions, potassium carbonate (30.1 g, 224 mmol) in three portions, tetrabutylammonium bromide (14.0 g, 43.5 mmol) in water (65 mL) and THF (40 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 8.5 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then poured into excess 2N hydrochloric acid. It was extracted with chloroform. The organic phase was then washed with water and brine. It was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using 100% chloroform, 30–50% 1,2-dichloroethane in hexane and 20–30% 1,2-dichloroethane in hexane (Biotage apparatus) eluent. Drying at 60° C. in vacuo for 20 minutes yielded 6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol as a beige-yellow solid (3.22 g, 23.9%) MP: 220–1° C.; Mass spectrum (−ES, [M−H]⁻) m/z 309/311. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.64 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, 1H, J=1.73 Hz), 8.11 (d, 1H, J=8.85 Hz), 8.05 (dd, 1H, J=8.85 and 1.83 Hz), 7.95–8.01 (m, 2H), 7.87–7.92 (m, 2H), 7.33–7.43 ppm (m, 3H). Elemental Analysis for C₁₈H₁₁ClOS: Calcd: C, 69.56; H, 3.57; N, 0.00; Found: C, 69.58; H, 3.83; N, 0.00.

Step 3: Synthesis of (6-Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester: A mixture of 6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-ol (3.19 g, 10.2 mmol) and cesium carbonate (6.8 g, 21 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for one hour and 15 minutes. Ethyl bromoacetate (1.4 mL, 12 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at ambient temperature. The insoluble solids were then filtered, and the filtrate was solvent evaporated. The residue was dissolved in hot chloroform and washed with water and brine. It was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was then stirred in hexane for about ten minutes and filtered and rinsed with hexane. Drying at 65° C. in vacuo for two hours yielded (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester as a light yellow solid (2.7 g, 67%): MP: 187–8° C.; Mass spectrum (+ES, [M+H]⁺) m/z 397/399. ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ8.34 (d, 1H, J=1.68 Hz), 8.21 (d, 1H, J=8.85 Hz), 8.13 (dd, 1H, J=8.93 and 1.76 Hz), 8.01–8.07 (m, 3H), 7.89–7.90 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H, J=9.15 Hz), 7.37–7.44 (m, 2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 4.20 (q, 2H, J=7.12 Hz), 1.23 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.10 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₂H₁₇ClO₃S: Calcd: C, 66.58; H, 4.32; N, 0.00; Found: C, 66.43; H, 4.27; N, 0.00.

Step 4: Synthesis of [1-Chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester: A mixture of yielded (6-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-1-chloro-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-acetic acid ethyl ester (2.7 g, 6.8 mmol), valeryl chloride (3.9 mL, 33 mmol) in four portions and tin (IV) chloride (6.4 mL, 56 mmol)in four portions in chloroform (55 mL) was refluxed for five hours. It was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and poured into ice water. It was diluted with additional chloroform and washed with water and brine. It was then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent evaporated. The residue was purified three times by flash chromatography (Biotage apparatus) using (1) 25–60% methylene chloride in hexane, (2) 20–40% 1,2-dichloroethane in hexane and (3) 2.5–7.5% methyl t-butyl ether in hexane. It was then purified by HPLC using 92% acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water as the mobile phase. Evaporating the solvent and extracting with ethyl acetate, washing with water and brine, drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtering, concentrating and drying in vacuo at 60° C. for 20 minutes yielded [1-chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester as an olive gum (0.0702 g, 2.14%).

Step 5: Synthesis of [1-Chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid: A mixture of [1-chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester (0.0701 g, 0.146 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.032 g, 0.57 mmoles) in THF (4 mL) and water (4 mL) was stirred for 1.5 hours at ambient temperature. It was then poured in excess water and acidified with 2N hydrochloric acid. This was then extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, solvent evaporated dried in vacuo at 60° C. for 14 hours to yield [1-chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid as a yellow semi-solid (0.0462 g, 69.9%); Mass spectrum (+ES, [M+H]⁺) m/z 453; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ12.9–13.5 (br, 1H), 8.26 (d, 1H, J=8.85 Hz), 8.16 (d, 1H, J=1.83 Hz), 8.09–8.10 (m, 2H), 7.97–7.99 (m, 1H), 7.77 (dd, 1H, J=8.70 and 1.83 Hz), 7.47–7.56 (m, 3H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 2.43 (t, 2H, J=7.25 Hz), 1.42–1.48 (m, 2H), 0.98–1.06 (m, 2H), 0.59 ppm (t, 3H, J=7.40 Hz). Elemental Analysis for C₂₅H₂₁ClO₄S+0.2 moles H₂O: Calcd: C, 65.77; H, 4.72; N, 0.00; Found: C, 65.74; H, 4.99; N, 0.00.

Example 9 Primary Screen for the PAI-1 Inhibition

Test compounds are dissolved in DMSO at a final concentration of 10 mM, then diluted 100× in physiologic buffer. The inhibitory assay is initiated by the addition of the test compound (1–100 μM final concentration, !maximum DMSO concentration of 0.2%) in a pH 6.6 buffer containing 140 nM recombinant human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; Molecular Innovations, Royal Oak, Mich.). Following a 1 hour incubation at room temperature, 70 nM of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is added, and the combination of the test compound, PAI-1 and tPA is incubated for an additional 30 minutes. Following the second incubation, Spectrozyme-tPA (American Diagnostica, Greenwich, Conn.), a chromogenic substrate for tPA, is added and absorbance read at 405 nm at 0 and 60 minutes. Relative PAI-1 inhibition is equal to the residual tPA activity in the presence of the test compound and PAI-1. Control treatments include the complete inhibition of tPA by PAI-1 at the molar ratio employed (2:1), and the absence of any effect of the test compound on tPA alone.

Example 10 Assay for Determining IC₅₀ of Inhibition of PAI-1

This assay is based upon the non-SDS dissociable interaction between tPA and active PAI-1. Assay plates are initially coated with human tPA (10 μg/ml). Test compounds are dissolved in DMSO at 10 mM, then diluted with physiologic buffer (pH 7.5) to a final concentration of 1–50 μM. Test compounds are incubated with human PAI-1 (50 ng/ml) for 15 minutes at room temperature. The tPA-coated plate is washed with a solution of 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.1% BSA, then the plate is blocked with a solution of 3% BSA. An aliquot of the test compound/PAI-1 solution is then added to the tPA-coated plate, incubated at room temperature for 1 hour, and washed. Active PAI-1 bound to the plate is assessed by adding an aliquot of a 1:1000 dilution of the 33B8 monoclonal antibody against human PAI-1, and incubating the plate at room temperature for 1 hour (Molecular Innovations, Royal Oak, Mich.). The plate is again washed, and a solution of goat anti-mouse IgG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate is added at a 1:50,000 dilution in goat serum. The plate is incubated 30 minutes at room temperature, washed, and a solution of alkaline phosphatase substrate is added. The plate is incubated 45 minutes at room temperature, and color development is determined at OD_(405 nm). The quantitation of active PAI-1 bound to tPA at varying concentrations of test compound is used to determine the IC₅₀. Results are analyzed using a logarithmic best-fit equation. The assay sensitivity is 5 ng/ml of human PAI-1 as determined from a standard curve ranging from 0–100 ng/ml.

The compounds of the present invention inhibited Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 as summarized in Table 1.

TABLE I Compound % Inhibition @ 25 μM 1 59 2 69 3 52 4 54 5 84 6 77

Although the foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent to the artisan that certain changes and modifications are comprehended by the disclosure and can be practiced without undue experimentation within the scope of the appended claims, which are presented by way of illustration not limitation.

All publications and patent documents cited above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each were so individually denoted. 

1. A compound of the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, wherein: R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₁–C₆ alkanoyl, halo, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁–C₆ alkoxy, amino, —NH(C₁–C₆ alkyl), —N(C₁–C₆ alkyl)₂, or C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkoxy; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, —CH₂R₅, —CH(OH)R₅, —C(═O)R₅, —CH(SH)R₅, —C(═S)R₅ or —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 6; m is an integer from 0 to 6; R₅ is hydrogen, C₁–C₈ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or —(CH₂)_(p)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl; p is an integer from 0 to 6; R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂-(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), arylalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and A is COOH, or an acid mimic or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein A is tetrazole, tetronic acid, acyl tetronic acid, or a group having the formula:

wherein R₇ is C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₂–C₆ alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkenyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkenyl), optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl groups or optionally substituted aryl(C₁–C₆)alkyl or heteroaryl(C₁–C₆)alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein A is tetrazole or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R and R₁ are, independently, hydrogen, alkanoyl, or branched alkanoyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₂ and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen or halogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₄ is —C(═O)R₅ and R₅ is C₁₋₈ alkyl or arylalkyl or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₆ is hydrogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The compound of claim 1 having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.
 9. The compound of claim 8 having the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, wherein: n=0; A₁ is carboxylic acid or a tetrazole group; R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, or benzyl; Y represents two single bonded H atoms; one H and one OH; or a double bonded oxygen atom; and R₅ is C₁–C₈ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), or benzyl.
 10. The compound of claim 1 that is {1-Bromo-6-[6-(4,4-dimethyl-pentanoyl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof or 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-pentan-1-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.
 11. The compound of claim 1 that is [1-Bromo-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof or 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-2-phenyl-ethanone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.
 12. The compound of claim 1 that is [1-Bromo-6-(3-phenylacetyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof or 1-{2-[5-Bromo-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-naphthalen-2-yl]-benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}-3-methyl-butan-1-one or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.
 13. The compound of claim 1 that is {1-Bromo-6-[3-(3,3-dimethyl-butyryl)-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl]-naphthalen-2-yloxy}-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof or [1-Chloro-6-(3-pentanoyl-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-naphthalen-2-yloxy]-acetic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof.
 14. A method of inhibiting PAI-1 activity comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from 25 mg/kg/day to 200 mg/kg/day.
 16. A method for treating a PAI-1 related disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound claim
 1. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the therapeutically effective amount is from 25 mg/kg/day to 200 mg/kg/day.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the PAI-1 related disorder is impairment of the fibrinolytic system.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the PAI-1 related disorder is thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary fibrosis, myocardial ischemia, stroke, thromboembolic complication of surgery, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic plaque formation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal fibrosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, or cancer.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the thrombosis is selected from the group consisting of venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, and deep vein thrombosis.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the PAI-1 related disorder is cardiovascular disease caused by noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a subject.
 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
 23. A method for treating thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary fibrosis, thromboembolic complication of surgery, stroke, myocardial ischemia, atherosclerotic plaque formation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or renal fibrosis comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the compound the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester form thereof, wherein: R, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are, independently, hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), C₁–C₆ alkanoyl, halo, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkyl, C₁–C₆ alkoxy, amino, —NH(C₁–C₆ alkyl), —N(C₁–C₆ alkyl)₂, or C₁–C₆ perfluoroalkoxy; R₄ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, —CH₂R₅, —CH(OH)R₅, —C(═O)R₅, —CH(SH)R₅, —C(═S)R₅ or —(CH₂)_(m)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl; n is an integer from 0 to 6; m is an integer from 0 to 6; R₅ is hydrogen, C₁–C₈ alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or —(CH₂)_(p)—C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl; p is an integer from 0 to 6; R₆ is hydrogen, C₁–C₆ alkyl, C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl, —CH₂—(C₃–C₆ cycloalkyl), arylalkyl, alkylaryl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and A is COOH or an acid mimic. 